Stretching and hyperplasia

found this on another board pretty interesting basically reaffirms how important stretching post workout is

"I was delving into Dante ( originator of DC training ) material on developing
HYPERTROPHY ( growth of the fibres), and
HYPERPLASIA ( growth of new fibres via splitting/ satellite cells, etc.)

This is really cool stuff and crap did I feel it first time I took a serious load, and placed a 45 sec. stretch into the muscle bellies . . if the results reported and the way I fee are any indication . .

Use this in your training . . .

Now this site is wry with academics wanting something to chew on- so here ya go Petunia:

Progressive stretch overload of skeletal muscle results in hypertrophy before hyperplasia.
Antonio J, Gonyea WJ

J Appl Physiol 1993; 75:1263-71.

Abstract

Intermittent stretch of the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle produces fiber hypertrophy without fiber hyperplasia (J. Appl. Physiol. 74: 1893-1898, 1993).

This study was undertaken to determine if a progressive increase in load and duration of stretch would induce extremely large muscle fiber areas or if the fibers would reach a critical size before the onset of fiber hyperplasia. Weights ranging from 10 to 35% of the bird's mass were attached to the right wing of 26 adult quail while the left wing served as the intra-animal control.
The stretch protocol was as follows: day 1 (10% wt), days 2 and 3 (rest), day 4 (15% wt), days 5-7 (rest), day 8 (20% wt), days 9 and 10 (rest), days 11-14 (25% wt), days 15 and 16 (rest), and days 17-38 (35% wt).
Birds were killed after 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 days of stretch not including rest days.

Muscle mass increased 174% (12 days), 196% (16 days), 225% (20 days), 264% (24 days), and 318% (28 days).


Muscle length increased 60% (12 days), 34% (16 days), 59% (20 days), 50% (24 days), and 51% (28 days). Mean fiber area increased 111% (12 days), 142% (16 days), 75% (20 days), 90% (24 days), and 39% (28 days).

Fiber number, which was measured histologically, increased significantly by 82% only in the 28 days of stretch group. The percentage of slow tonic fibers did not change for any of the time points examined.


Skeletal muscle fiber hyperplasia.
Antonio J, Gonyea WJ

Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25:1333-45.

Abstract
Skeletal muscle enlargement in adult animals has been ascribed primarily to changes in fiber cross-sectional area (i.e., fiber hypertrophy); however, recent evidence from several laboratories suggests strongly that fiber hyperplasia contributes to muscle mass increases in adult animals and possibly human athletes.

Scientists have used three models to study the cellular mechanisms of muscle enlargement: compensatory hypertrophy, stretch, and exercise. Each of these models has provided direct as well as indirect evidence supporting the occurrence of muscle fiber hyperplasia.

Direct counts of muscle fibers using nitric acid digestion techniques have shown that both exercise and stretch overload result in significant increases (range = 9-52%) in fiber number. Indirect fiber counts using histological cross-sections have suggested fiber hyperplasia (range = 10-82%) in all three models.

Additionally, the expression of embryonic myosin isoforms have provided indirect evidence for new fiber formation in stretch overloaded muscle. Furthermore, satellite cells have been shown to be involved in muscle fiber hyperplasia in stretch and exercise.


Muscle fiber splitting in stretch-enlarged avian muscle.
Antonio J, Gonyea WJ

Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26:973-7.

Abstract

This study examined the role of longitudinal fiber splitting in enlarged anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle of adult quail. Muscle hypertrophy was induced using a model of progressive stretch overload (PSO) (5).

After 16 and 28 d of PSO, muscle mass in the stretched ALD muscle increased significantly (P < 0.05) 188% and 294%, respectively, when compared with the intra-animal control muscle. Muscle length increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the stretched ALD muscle vs the intra-animal control by approximately 77% for both groups.

Fiber number, which was assessed using direct counts after nitric acid digestion, did not change in the 16-d group; however, the 28-d stretched ALD muscle exhibited a 30% increase (P < 0.05) in fiber number vs the intra-animal control muscle.

Furthermore, the frequency of splitting (i.e., branching) fibers was less than 0.3% in all muscles examined except the 28-d stretched ALD muscle.

The 28-d stretched ALD muscle had 5.25% of its muscle fibers exhibiting split profiles. These results demonstrate that PSO produces effects unlike chronic stretch overload in that longitudinal fiber splitting may contribute significantly to an increase in fiber number.

Now Dante chimed in with a supportive:
The bird wing studies back in the early 90's are what actually got me really pushing into stretching protocols and the like. I actually did a huge huge article on hyperplasia and printed it up in Hardcore Muscle magazine along with a very detailed outline of how to do the scapula manipulation trick to widen your lat spread, also I believe you can widen your shoulder girdle up to a certain age and wrote up how to do that also in the early 90's

I could go in the garage and dig that out and have it printed up for your reading enjoyment and then i would never hear "Dante tell me how to do the scapula manipulation thing ok" ever again.....but alas, Im a lazy son of a ****and who am I fooling, Im not going in the garage to dig it up.....especially when there is a steak to eat

So I left the man with his steak LOL

But after each bodypart, I do a weighted stretch now . .as long as I feel it in the muscle belly we're in a good place. if it's at the insertion- personally I'd bail.

Hanging from Chin bar/ med grip, arched as if about to do scap roll

Bottom of very bent arm fly for pecs

Racing dive squat holding a bar behind me, palms up for delt

Same thing, palms face down for bi's

Bottom of a sissy squat for quads

Held weighted calf stretch

Go play and find some for yoruown . . keep everything else the same: training, supps, diet, rest . . let me know what comes of it . .within 1 week I hd heightened nervous respons ein muscle- better feel, better pump . .at two weeks harder tone

Real world examples in my books included the guys hanging from Roman Rings, or the lats on guys on the High Bar . ."

YOU GOTTA EAT BIG, TO BE BIG!!

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