While there is a "limit" on how many exercises exist and their use, reaching that limit would probably be humanly impossible. You are getting a barbell and weights to go with it, the number of exercises and the combination of those exercises is quite significant. I just typed out a lot of exercises but now noticed you don't have a bench, I don't know if you got a pullup bar, or anything to hang from either, so some of what is listed below is invalid.
I'll start from the bottom and go up.
Short list of weighted exercises you can do...
Legs:
Deadlift - Legs of thunder and iron and a big ego, malehood boost.
Hack squat - I don't bother, but it exists if you want to spin it.
Dumbbell lunge, angled lunge, calf raises
Barbell squats, OH squat, front squat, etc, but you don't exactly have a cage or a rack so I'll let that sit.
Back:
Deadlift, Bent over dumbbell and barbell rows, Pendley rows, briefcase deadlift
Barbell squats, OH squat, front squat, good morning, etc, but you don't exactly have a cage or a rack so I'll let that sit.
Weighted pullups and chinups.
Arms:
Deadlift, it makes your forearms big and helps develop a crushing grip...
Weighted dips, these can be done with two sturdy chairs.
Weighted chinups and pullups,
Barbell and dumbbell curls, hammer curls, Wrist curls in just about every way possible... etc.
Flat benchpress
Don't bother with Tricep extensions, French presses, and all of that useless stuff, you would be better off doing pushups!
Chest:
Benchpress in all its flavors
Dumbbell press, flies, floor flies, floor press, etc
Shoulders:
Shrugs, don't question it, load up the bar and start shrugging weight, then go do a max muscle pose in front of the biggest mirror you got.
Standing military press (squat rack or power cage)
Dumbbell press
Shoulder raises, between shrugs and Standing milt press, I don't think this is needed or would ever benefit.
Now let me go through calisthenic exercises.
Legs:
Squats and all their flavors, Lunge, angled lunge, jumping squat, etc
Back:
Back extensions, flutter kicks, Pullups, Chinups, bend and thrust, etc
Arms:
Pullups, Chinups, Pushups in all their flavors, dive bombers, arm shuffles, dips, see link.
http://www.t-nation.com/article/most_recent/everything_pushups Chest:
Pushups, dips, eight count bodybuilders, not much I can think of.
Shoulders:
Pushups, hand stand pushups, not much I can think of for shoulders.
There is much much more than what I listed here, just search Google for what you want to work. :P