gzinkl
-
Total Posts
:
2103
-
Reward points
:
10
- Joined: 3/23/2005
- Location: Chicago, IL
-
Status: offline
|
RE: Age?
-
Friday, October 27, 2006 7:08 PM
ORIGINAL: mmcwiz Speaking of anecdotal... If your growth plates have not completely formed and you lift too heavy, you can hurt your growth. Can you link to a scientific journal or study that has shown this to be true? Ok, I'll be big enough to admit that I was wrong--well, not totally wrong, but not correct. Until you are physically mature, your lifting regime will be different than someone on a all-out mass building expedition. Here's what the Academy of Pediatrics says. Note the following: " A limited number of case reports have raised concern about epiphyseal injuries in the wrist and apophyseal injuries in the spine from weight lifting in skeletally immature individuals. Such injuries are uncommon and are believed to be largely preventable by avoiding improper lifting techniques, maximal lifts, and improperly supervised12,15,16 lifts." And recommendation no. 2, "Prea dolescents an d a dolescents shoul d avoi d competitive weight lifting, power lifting, bo dy buil ding, an d maximal lifts until they reach physical an d skeletal maturity.")--sorry it pasted in so ugly. POLICY STATEMENT Abstract of this Article PDF Version of this Article Email this article to a friend Similar articles found in:  AAP Policy Online   PubMed PubMed Citation This Article has been cited by:  other online articles Download to Citation Manager PEDIATRICS Vol. 107 No. 6 June 2001, pp. 1470-1472 AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS: Strength Training by Children and Adolescents Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness ABSTRACT Top Abstract Introduction Recommendation References Pediatricians are often asked to give advice on the safety and efficacy of strength training programs for children anddolescents. This review, a revision of a previous American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement, defines relevant terminology and provides current information on risks anddren and adolescents. a benefits of strength training for chil INTRODUCTION Top Abstract Introduction Recommendation References Strength training (also known as resistance training) is a common component of sports and physical fitness programs for young people. Some adolescents and preadolescents may use strength training as a means to enhance muscle size and definition or to simply improve appearance. Strength training programs may include the use of free weights, weight machines, elastic tubing, or body weight. The amount and form of resistance used as well as the frequency of resistance exercises is determined by specific program goals. Table 1 defines common terms used in strength training. View this table: [in this window] [in a new window] TABLE 1 Definition of Terms BENEFITS OF RESISTANCE TRAINING In addition to the obvious goal of getting stronger, strength training programs may be undertaken to improve sports performance, rehabilitate injuries, prevent injuries, and/or enhance long-term health. Studies have shown that strength training, when properly structured with regard to frequency, mode (type of lifting), intensity, andduration of program, can increase strength in preadolescents and adolescents.1-4 muscle size, or power are lost after 6 weeks if resistance training is discontinued.5 Maintenance exercises may offset these losses, but specific recommendations for maintaining strength gains have not been defined for preadolescents and adolescents. Gains in strength, In preadolescents, proper resistance training can enhance strength without concomitant muscle hypertrophy. Such gains in strength can be attributed to neuromuscular "learning," in which training increases the number of motor neurons that will fire with each muscle contraction.2,6,7 This mechanism helps explain strength gains from resistance training in populations with low androgen levels, including females and preadolescent males. Strength training can also augment the muscle enlargement that normally occurs with pubertal growth in males and females.3,6,8,9 Strength training can improve an adolescent athlete's performance in weight lifting and power lifting. Strength training is a common practice in sports like football in which size and strength are desirable. Despite theoretical benefits, scientific studies have failed to consistently show that improved strength enhances running speed, jumping ability, or overall sports performance.6,10 Evidence that strength training programs help prevent sports-related musculoskeletal injuries in preadolescents and adolescents is inconclusive.11 Furthermore, there is no evidence that strength training will reduce the incidence of catastrophic sports-related injuries. RISKS OF STRENGTH TRAINING The US Consumer Product Safety Commission, through its National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), has estimated the number of injuries that are associated with strength training equipment. The NEISS data neither specifies cause of injury nor separates recreational from competitive weight lifting injuries. From 1991 to 1996, an estimated 20 940 to 26 120 injuries occurred each year in individuals under 21 years old.12 According to NEISS data and other studies,13 for 40% to 70% of all injuries. The lumbar back is the most commonly injured area.11,14 muscle strains account A limited number of case reports have raised concern about epiphyseal injuries in the wrist and apophyseal injuries in the spine from weight lifting in skeletally immature individuals. Such injuries are uncommon and are believed to be largely preventable by avoiding improper lifting techniques, maximal lifts, and improperly supervised12,15,16 lifts. Strength training programs do not seem to adversely affect linear growth and do not seem to have any long-term detrimental effect on cardiovascular health.2,417-19 Young athletes with hypertension may experience further elevation of blood pressure from the isometric demands of strength training.8 STRENGTH TRAINING GUIDELINES A medical evaluation before commencing a formal strength training program can identify possible risk factors for injury and provide an opportunity to discuss training goals, techniques, and expectations. Risks involved with use of anabolic steroids anddy-building supplements are appropriate topics for discussion with any adolescent interested in getting bigger and stronger.20,21 other bo If children or adolescents undertake a strength training program, they should begin with low-resistance exercises until proper technique is learned. When 8 to 15 repetitions can be performed, it is reasonable to add weight in small increments. Exercises should include all muscle groups and be performed through the full range of motion at each joint. To achieve gains in strength, workouts need to be at least 20 to 30 minutes long, take place a minimum of 2 to 3 times per week, and continue to add or repetitions as strength improves. There is no additional benefit to strength training more than 4 times per week.5 weight Young people who want to improve sports performance will generally benefit more from practicing and perfecting skills of the sport than from resistance training. If long-term health benefits are the goal, strength training should be combined with an aerobic training program. RECOMMENDATIONS Top Abstract Introduction Recommendation References 1. Strength training programs for preadolescents anddolescents can be safe and effective if proper resistance training techniques and safety precautions are followed. a 2. Preadolescents and adolescents should avoiddy building, and until they reach physical and skeletal maturity. competitive weight lifting, power lifting, bo maximal lifts 3. When pediatricians are asked to recommend or evaluate strength training programs for children and adolescents, the following issues should be considered: a. Before beginning a formal strength training program, a medical evaluation should be performed by a pediatrician. If indicated, a referral may be made to a sports medicine physician who is familiar with various strength training methods as well as risks anddolescents and adolescents. benefits in prea b b. Aerobic conditioning should be coupled with resistance training if general health benefits are the goal. c c. Strength training programs should include a warm-up and cool-down component. d d. Specific strength training exercises should be learned initially with no load been mastered, incremental loads can be added. e. Progressive resistance exercise requires successful completion of 8 to 15 repetitions in good form before increasing weight or resistance. (resistance). Once the exercise skill has f f. A general strengthening program should address all major muscle groups and exercise through the complete range of motion. g g. Any sign of injury or illness from strength training should be evaluated before continuing the exercise in question. Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness, 2000-2001 Reginald L. Washington, MD, Chairperson David T. Bernhardt, MD Jorge Gomez, MD Miriam D. Johnson, MD Thomas J. Martin, MD Thomas W. Rowland, MD Eric Small, MD Liaisons Claire LeBlanc, MD Canadian Pediatric Society Robert Malina, PhD Institute for the Study of Youth Sports Carl Krein, AT, PT National Athletic Trainers Association Judith C. Young, PhD National Association for Sport and Physical Education Section Liaison Frederick E. Reed, MD Section on Orthopedics Consultants Steven J. Anderson, MD Bernard A. Griesemer, MD Oded Bar-Or, MD Staff Heather Newland FOOTNOTES The recommendations in this statement do not indicate an exclusive course of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. ABBREVIATIONS NEISS, National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. REFERENCES Top Abstract Introduction Recommendation References - Falk B, Tenenbaum G The effectiveness of resistance training in children. A meta-analysis. Sports Med 1996; 3:176-186
- Ramsay JA, Blimkie CJ, Smith K, Garner S, MacDougall J, Sale DG Strength training effects in prepubescent boys. Issues and controversies. Med Sci Sports Exerc[Medline] 1990; 22:605-614
- Blimkie CJ Resistance training during preadolescence. Sports Med 1993; 15:389-407 [Medline]
- Faigenbaum AD, Zaichkowsky LD, Westcott WL, Micheli LJ, Fehlandt AF The effects of a twice-a-week strength training program on children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1993; 5:339-346
- Faigenbaum AD, Wescott WL, Micheli LJ, The effects of strength training anddetraining on children. J Strength Cond 1996; 10:109-114 DOI" >[CrossRef]
- Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Frykman PN, Conroy B, Hoffman J Resistance training andPediatr Exerc Sci 1989; 1:336-350 youth.
- Ozmun JC, Mikesky AE, Surburg PR Neuromuscular adaptations following prepubescent strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994; 26:510-514 [Medline]
- Fleck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing Resistance Training Programs. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books; 1997
- Webb Dr Strength training in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am[Medline] 1990; 37:1187-1210
- Hakkinen K, Mero A, Kauhanen H Specificity of endurance, sprint, and strength training on physical performance capacity in young athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1989; 29:27-35 [Medline]
- Cahill BR, Griffith EH Effect of preseason conditioning on the incidence andAm J Sports Med 1978; 6:180-184 [Abstract] severity of high school football knee injuries.
- National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Washington, DC: Consumer Products Safety Commission
- Risser WL, Risser JM, Preston D Weight-training injuries in adolescents. Am J Dis Child 1990; 144:1015-1017 [Abstract]
- Brown EW, Kimball RG Medical history associated with adolescent powerlifting. Pediatrics 1983; 72:636-644 [Medline]
- Brady TA, Cahill BR, Bodnar LM Weight training-related injuries in the high school athlete. Am J Sports Med 1982; 10:1-5 [Abstract]
- Ryan JR, Salciccioli GG Fractures of the distal radial epiphysis in adolescent weight lifters. Am J Sports Med 1976; 4:26-27 [Medline]
- Weltman A, Janney C, Rians CB, Strand K, Katch FT The effects of hydraulic-resistance strength training on serum lipid levels in prepubertal boys. Am J Dis Child 1987; 141:777-780 [CrossRef][Medline]
- Weltman A, Janney C, Rians CB, The effects of hydraulic resistance strength training in pre-pubertal males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1986; 18:629-638 [Medline]
- Bailey DA, Martin AD Physical activity and skeletal health in adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci 1994; 6:330-347
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness Adolescents and anabolic steroids: a subject review. Pediatrics 1997; 99:904-908 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
- American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine Anabolic steroids and the adolescent athlete. Pediatrics 1989; 83:127-128 [Abstract/Free Full Text]
Pediatrics (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright ©2001 by the American Academy of Pediatrics [font=""]
"If there's nothing else that's relevant, I'll be leaving now" "Today's mighty oak is just yesterday's nut that held its ground"
|